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''Am ha'aretz'' () or the people of the Land is a term found in the Tanakh. When "the people" is singular and "the land" refers to the land of Israel, it refers to Jews. When "the peoples (plural) of the land (singular)" (Hebrew ''ammei ha'aretz'') it refers to non-Jews, and when both words are plural (''ammei ha'aretzot'', lit. "peoples of the lands") it refers to the peoples of gentile lands. The Talmud applies "the people of Land" to uneducated Jews, who were deemed likely to be negligent in their observance of the commandments due to their ignorance, and the term combines the meanings of "rustic" with those of "boorish, uncivilized, ignorant". In current parlance, Am ha'aretz (or AMHA) refers to a movement arising from the early pioneers in Israel and their love of the land. Members of AMHA in Israel tend to be in elite military units and kibbutzim and reflect the traditional values of the secular Israeli pioneers. The leaders of AMHA are called Shoftim, and are elected by the membership. AMHA has also spread to the USA in recent years, where the first Shofet outside of Israel now resides. ==Tanakh== In the Tanakh, the term "the people of the land" (Hebrew ''am ha'aretz'') refers to a special social group or caste within the kingdom of Judah. Among the activities of the Biblical ''am ha'aretz'' was the revolt against Athaliah. By contrast, the plural ''ammei ha'aretz'' or ''ammei ha'aretzot'' refers to foreigners, either the nations of the world (gentiles) or the native Canaanite population living within Eretz Yisrael. In the Second Temple period, the "people of the land" (''am ha'aretz'') are contrasted with those returning from the Babylonian captivity, "Then the people of the land weakened the hands of the people of Judah, and troubled them in building". It is unclear whether the term refers to the people of Judah who remained behind and adopted syncretistic views, or to non-Hebrews.〔Oppenheimer (1977), 10f.〕 Rubenstein (2003) considers that in Ezra and Nehemiah it designates the rural Jews who had remained in the land while the aristocratic and priestly classes were deported to exile in Babylonia.〔Jeffrey L. Rubenstein ''The culture of the Babylonian Talmud'' - 2003 Page 124 "Rabbinic sources use the term am ha'arets, literally "people of the land," to refer to nonrabbinic or uneducated Jews. This term derives from the biblical books of Ezra and Nehemiah, where it designates the Israelites who had remained in Judea when the aristocracy were deported to Babylonia during the first exile.1."〕 In the view of Kartveit (2009) the terms used in Ezra and Nehemiah may not be precise in their distinctions; there may be implication that the "people of the land" (Ezra 4:4) had intermarried with the "peoples of the lands" (Ezra 9:1 ''ammei ha'aretzoth''), and there may be an equation or relation with the origin of the Samaritans.〔Magnar Kartveit The origin of the Samaritans Vetus Testamentum Supplements - VTS 128 by Magnar Kartveit ISBN 978-90-04-17819-9 Brill Academic Publishers, 2009〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Am ha'aretz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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